company; corporation; firm; one's workplace
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
management; administration; operation; running (a business); conducting
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
busy; occupied; hectic; restless; hurried; fidgety
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
happiness; blessedness; proving fortunate; yielding positive outcome; luckily; fortunately
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
favourable; favorable; doing well; OK; all right
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
time; hour; period; class
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
surplus; margin; leeway; composure; placidity; complacency
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
study; diligence; working hard; experience; knowledge; discount
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to set one's mind on doing; to get the idea of doing; to make up one's mind
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
practice (as opposed to theory); actual practice; actual site; (at) the scene; (on) the spot
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
another time; again; over again; formally; especially; intentionally
university; college; former imperial university of Japan (established under the ritsuryō system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
management studies; business administration (study of)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
don't you think?; indicates question
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!