member of shogun's council of elders
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
misgovernment; misrule; bad government
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to correct; to rectify; to reform; to straighten (one's posture, collar, etc.); to adjust
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
retirement (from work); leading a quiet life (after retirement); retired person; retiree; surrendering headship of the family (pre-WWII)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
secret; clandestine; covert; spy (for a daimyo, shogun, etc.); secret agent
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
honorific/polite/humble prefix
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
common people; ordinary people; masses
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to run about; to rush about
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to bark; to howl; to howl (e.g. of the wind); to roar; to yell; to cry
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to scold; to chide; to rebuke; to reprimand
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
beat; palpitation; pulsation; throbbing
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading