indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Ming dynasty (China, 1368-1644)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
father; dad; husband; you; he
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
family; members of a family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
how; in what way; how about
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to laugh; to smile; to sneer; to ridicule; to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
really; truly; indeed; good grief