indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
please (give me); please (do for me)
to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to strike against; to collide with; to encounter; to meet; to clash
to look at; to gaze; to stare at