hereditary occupational group (Yamato period)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
case; occasion; situation; circumstances
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
around the world; throughout the world
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to gather (attract, receive) attention; to have a high profile; to gain prominence; to become popular
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
considerably; fairly; quite; rather; pretty
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
earnings; proceeds; returns; revenue
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to anticipate; to expect; to place confidence in; to put trust in; to find promising; to see good prospects (in)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
dismissal (of an employee); discharge; firing; layoff
company employee; member of a corporation; company stockholder (esp. in legal contexts)
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
half the number; half (of an amount); haploid (organism, cell, etc.); haplont
to call (someone) back; to recall; to call home; to bring back (memories, etc.); to recall; to revive
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be in time (for); to serve (suit, meet) the purpose; to be good enough; to be enough
to lose; to be defeated; to give in (to); to yield; to be inferior (to); to be second (to)
the East; the Orient; (East) Asia; Japan
cancellation; liquidation; resolution; reduction (e.g. of stress)
market (financial, stock, domestic, etc.); marketplace; exchange; (street) market
in one go; in one gulp; in one breath; suddenly; all of a sudden; all at once
to take (by force); to take away; to snatch; to absorb (one's attention); to fascinate; to captivate
exactly; just; right (when); just (as); just (about to); on the point of
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
fateful; decisive (e.g. war)
battle; war; fight (against time, poverty, etc.); struggle (for freedom, survival, etc.); contest; competition
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
defeat; loss; reverse; setback
your company; your shrine
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
when it comes to ...; where ... is concerned; if it's the case that ...; if it turns out that ...; if it's true that ...