indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
evening; night; dinner; evening meal; counter for nights
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
clearly; plainly; distinctly; to be clear; to be definite; to be certain
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
training; education; stocking up; laying in; preparation (e.g. ingredients); girl studying to become a geisha
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to burst into tears; to burst out crying; to begin to cry; to be moved to tears
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
faint; dim; weak; poor; wretched; meagre
to shiver; to shake; to quake; to tremble; to quaver; to quiver
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved