indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
arm; skill; efforts; ability
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment
really; truly; indeed; good grief
to get close; to cuddle close together; to nestle close to; to snuggle up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
reasonably; fairly; hurriedly; in a rush; approximately; about
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
Miyazaki (city, prefecture)
to joke; to jest; to make fun of; to laugh at; to romp; to gambol
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
nature (of a person); sex; gender; sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.); gender; -ty
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
commercial (radio, TV, etc.); ad; construction management; contract manufacturer; customer management; court martial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
needle; pin; hook; stinger; thorn; hand (e.g. clock, etc.); pointer
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?