indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
even if not; even without
in some way or other; one way or another; somehow; only just; barely
please (give me); please (do for me)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
unexpected; contrary to expectations; by chance; casual
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
no matter what happens; in any circumstances; at any price
until now; so far; up to the present
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
denial; negation; negation (logic); NOT operation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to return to normal; to revert to the starting point; to go back to how it was
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
reimbursement; compensation; reparation; indemnity
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo