indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Shibuya, a special ward in Tokyo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
vaulting horse; vaulting box; box horse
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
to recollect; to remember; to reminisce; to imagine; to guess; to infer
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to