squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
absent-mindedly; idly; vacantly; doing nothing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
third (base, baseman, gear)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still
vigorous; cheerful; assertive
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
by means of; due to; because of; according to
school inter-class ball-game competition
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
opposition; rivalry; competition; antagonism
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
to recollect; to remember; to reminisce; to imagine; to guess; to infer
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
corporate (e.g. sports team); business organization; business corporation
(talent) scout; recruiter; scouting; headhunting; Boy Scouts; Girl Scouts
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
(real) ability; true strength; merit; arms; force
owner; proprietor; possessor (e.g. of talent, beauty, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding