indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Buddha; Shakyamuni; Buddhist image; figure of Buddha; the dead; dead person
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
France; French (language)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
anger; rage; fury; wrath; indignation
you are quite right; reasonable; natural; just
some time ago; recently; lately; last (Sunday, etc.); previous
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
seven; seven years of age; four o'clock (old time system)
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
in that way; thus; so; so?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to remain; to be left over; to be in excess; to be too many
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)