indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Buddha; Shakyamuni; Buddhist image; figure of Buddha; the dead; dead person
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
anger; rage; fury; wrath; indignation
you are quite right; reasonable; natural; just
the other day; previously; last time; last (Sunday, summer, etc.); previous (e.g. mayor, chapter)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
information; news; information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.); informatics (as a subject)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
seven; seven years of age; four o'clock (old time system)
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pitch (e.g. in baseball); pile (of noodles, etc.)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
counter for stories, episodes of TV series, etc.
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
to remain; to be left over; to be in excess; to be too many
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)