indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
vibration; vibrato; trill
arrival (of post, news, correspondence, etc.); receiving (a phone call, email, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
source of electricity; electrical power; power (button on TV, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
regular; normal; formal; legal; established; legitimate
influence; effect; to influence; to affect; to have an influence on
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
breaking through; breakthrough; surmounting; overcoming; exceeding; passing
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed