indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(arch.) the art of war; (arch.) martial arts; military force; the sword; valor; bravery
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
very much; very many; more and more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
strain; deformation; warp; harmful effects; strain; stress
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
suffix for familiar person
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble