indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
patent; special permission; licence (license); proprietary
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
electrical machinery; appliances
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
fried finely minced daikon, great burdock, carrot and shiitake mushrooms wrapped with crumbled tofu in dried beancurd and deep-fried; Japanese tofu and vegetable chowder; (arch.) black soybean sprouts fried in sesame seed oil wrapped in dried beancurd and stewed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
company; corporation; workplace
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
reconciliation; amicable settlement; court-mediated settlement; (arch.) translation of a foreign language into Japanese
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock