indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
company president; manager; director
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
how; in what way; how about
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
at least; at most; (even) just
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Kanagawa prefecture (Kanto area)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go out and away; to leave
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
because of; owing to; due to
to be given the cold shoulder; to be jilted; to be rejected; to be dumped
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to refuse; to reject; to inform; to give notice; to ask leave; to excuse oneself (from)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to tell; to state; to do
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
association; socializing; socialising; fellowship
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
disappointed love; broken heart; unrequited love; being lovelorn
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
near oneself; close to one; familiar
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to bury (e.g. in the ground); to fill up (e.g. audience fills a hall); to cause to be packed; to plug (a gap); to stop (a gap); to make up for (a loss, shortage, etc.); to make amends
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up