indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bento; Japanese box lunch
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
onigiri; rice ball (often triangular, sometimes with a filling and wrapped in nori)
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
care-taking; house-sitting; house-watching; caretaker; house-sitter
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
alone; by oneself; on one's own
papa; dad; daddy; sugar daddy
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
secrecy; confidentiality; privacy; one's circumstances (esp. fiscal)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
distinguished service; meritorious service
suffix for familiar person
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
thanks (for coming, helping, etc.); glad you could make it; tiredness; fatigue
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
shop; store; somebody who sells (something) or works as (something); somebody with a (certain) personality trait; house; roof
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker