indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
completion; perfection; accomplishment
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
one more; another; the other; not quite; not very good
one cup (of); one glass (of); one drink (of alcohol); full; filled (with); fully; to capacity
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
sake cup; cup for alcoholic beverages; counter for cupfuls, bowlfuls, spoonfuls, etc.; counter for boats; counter for octopuses and squid; cup
two persons; two people; pair; couple
vice-minister (Meiji period); undersecretary
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
vegetable; marijuana; cannabis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good(-tasting); nice; delicious; attractive (offer, opportunity, etc.); appealing; convenient
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
edition; version; plate; block; counter for editions of a publication
time; hour; period; class
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
galley (tray); galley proof
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to finish; to end; to have a result less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
sorting; arrangement; liquidation; settlement; retrenchment; curtailment
simultaneously; all at once; in unison
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
never mind that; don't worry about that; listen up
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?