once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
town; block; street; road; chō (unit of length, approx. 109.09 m); chō (unit of land area, approx. 0.99 hectares)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
a little; a bit; a little while; a short time; a little way; a short distance
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
evil; wickedness; (role of) the villain (in theatre, etc.); the bad guy
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
kanreki; one's 60th birthday (or 61st in the traditional age reckoning system) when one has lived through a full sexagenary cycle
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go out to meet; to receive; to call for; to summon; to accept (e.g. as a member of a group or family); to take (e.g. a wife)
splendid; fine; praiseworthy; creditable; legal; legitimate
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
user; consumer; master (e.g. of swordsmanship); prodigal; spendthrift
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
middle-aged man; Buddhist priest
vigilante group; neighborhood watch; self-defense group
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
neighborhood; neighbourhood; street; block; town
to become overgrown; to grow thick; to spread; to run rampant; to thrive
wicked person; evil person; bad child; naughty child; bad thing; mischief
secretly; in secret; unseen; unobserved; inwardly; in private
punishment; judgement; judgment; decapitation
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
on one occasion; once; at one point; at one time
honorific/polite/humble prefix
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
to aim at (with a weapon, etc.); to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to aim for; to set up as a goal
vice; immorality; corruption
to fight against; to oppose; to face
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
wife; your wife; his wife; married lady; madam
ingenious; skillful; clever; deft; sophisticated
marriage fraud; fake marriage