indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
the three main Shinto gods: Amaterasu Omikami, Tsukuyomi no Mikoto and Susano-o no Mikoto; three precious children
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
two persons; two people; pair; couple
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few