indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unreasonable; irrational; outrageous; absurd
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to drift (to); to be washed ashore
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
stamp (postage); merchandise certificate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
teacher; master; religious leader; specialist; (arch.) five-battalion brigade comprising 2500 men (Zhou-dynasty Chinese army)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
help; rescue; salvation; solace; (religious) salvation; (Christian) grace
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
wholly; solely; entirely; principally; mostly; chiefly
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)