indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
unreasonable; irrational; outrageous; absurd
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
to drift (to); to be washed ashore
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
please; somehow or other; one way or another
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
injury; wound; mistake; accident; loss
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
high-ranking noh actor; head of a school of noh performance; high ranking courtesan (esp. in Yoshiwara) (Edo-period); jōruri narrator; manzai narrator; female role actor in kabuki; low ranking priest in a Shinto shrine
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
cloth (for Japanese clothes); kimono fabrics; textile; silk fabrics
trade; business; trading; turnover; sales; takings
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be among the top five; to be one of the five best
your husband; her husband