childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
violence; assault; rough (e.g. handling); reckless; rape; sexual assault
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the end; the extremity; the limit; the limits; the result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to anticipate; to expect; to place confidence in; to put trust in; to find promising; to see good prospects (in)
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
concentricity; same mind; unanimity; policeman; constable in the Edo period
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to work (for); to be employed (at); to serve (as); to act (as); to conduct a religious service
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
basket clam (Corbiculidae spp.); freshwater clam; freshwater mussel
sale; selling; selling point; gimmick; seller; vendor
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
plain; simple; reserved (behaviour, attitude, etc.); modest; quite; a (little) bit
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(way of) life; living; livelihood; life circumstances
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
calm; quiet; gentle; moderate; reasonable; amicable
every day; daily; day after day; days (e.g. good old days)
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you