indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
Yamagata prefecture (Tōhoku area)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
river; stream; River; the ... river
rising water (of river, lake, etc.); swelling water; increased water; high water
overflowing; flood; inundation; oversupply; plethora
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
riskiness; (level of) danger
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
region; limits; stage; level
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
western Japan (usu. Chūbu region and westward)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
eastern Japan (usu. east of the Chūbu region)
till; to; concerning (an area of expertise); swearing by (one's sword, God, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
milli-; 10^-3; millimetre; millimeter
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
extremely; terrifically; super
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
hope; promise; expectation; anticipation; side of a structural member
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
violence; assault; rough (e.g. handling); reckless; rape; sexual assault
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
finally; after; following; at the end (of)
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw