indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
subordinate; underling; henchman; minion
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do for (someone); to take in; to deceive; to hoodwink
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
green; greenery (esp. fresh verdure)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
should; must; -able; probably; likely
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
to redeem (from sin); to save
now; the present time; just now; another; more
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
so much; so often; oh, yes!; that's it; that's right; quite