indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
speck; dot; point; only a little; particle; only one
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
to leave a trail; to leave traces; to have a lasting effect
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
lost article; something forgotten
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
consultation; discussion; discussing; asking (somebody) for advice
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
history of Japan; Japanese history
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
pride of place; most prominent; top-ranking
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to throw out one's chest; to be puffed up with pride
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
shrine; palace; imperial residence; Imperial prince; Imperial princess; headboard with built-in shelves, drawers, etc.
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
internal medicine, i.e. treatment by medical procedures rather than surgical procedures; department of internal medicine (hospital, etc.)
and; or; and the like; and so forth; and what not