indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
bubble; foam; froth; head on beer
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all