indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
educational institution; school; academy; campus
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
coming; going; being (somewhere); come; go; stay
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!