indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
sorry; excuse me; thank you
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
fire fighting; extinguishing a fire
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one part; one portion; one section; one copy (e.g. of a document)
to burn; to scorch; to char; to singe
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
submersion; inundation; being flooded
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
father-in-law; foster father; stepfather
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise