you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
snapping (e.g. book shut); clapping; crackling; pachinko
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to have a go; to try and do (something); to take a chance with something
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
adds force or indicates command
soundly (sleeping); fast (asleep)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
leading part; leading actor; leading actress
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
role; assignment; position (of responsibility); post; part (in a play, film, etc.); role
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
alternation; change; relief; relay; shift; substitution (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
(some) more; even more; longer; further
feeling; sensitivity; emotion
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
very unskillful; extremely awkward
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last