indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
opening and shutting; opening and closing
sound; noise; (speech) sound; Chinese-derived reading of a kanji
(sound of) footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
older brother; elder brother; brother (as older-brother figure in friendly and or work relationship); young man; buddy
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
innocence; guiltlessness; absence of the fact; insubstantiality; (arch.) insincerity; (arch.) dishonesty
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
merit (esp. order of merit)
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
knock; knocking; fungo hitting; hitting balls for fielding practice; tap; click (e.g. of a retractable pen or mechanical pencil)
condition; state; health; state (of health); way; manner
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
honorific/polite/humble prefix
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
to drink; to swallow; to smoke (tobacco); to swallow up; to engulf; to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down
holiday; day off; sleep; rest; good night
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
oh; right; I see; OK; gotcha
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
company; corporation; firm; one's workplace
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix