indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to speak with an accent; to be corrupted (of word); to mispronounce
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
in that way; thus; so; so?