indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
high mountain; alpine mountain
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
feather; plume; wing; shuttlecock (in badminton)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
adds force or indicates command
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")