indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
high mountain; alpine mountain
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
feather; plume; wing; shuttlecock (in badminton)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
origin; source; virtuous ancestor
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
bonze; monk; monk's dwelling; boy; son; I; me
like; similar to; same as
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not