previous time; last time; previous installment; previous instalment; previous session
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
outline; summary; argument
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
refrigerator; cold; cool; cold sake
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
ghost; specter; spectre; apparition; phantom
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
to run to; to come running; to rush (someplace); to hasten
demon of the sixth heaven in the realm of desire who tries to prevent people from doing good
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
crude; unrefined; coarse; ill-mannered; rude; insensitive
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
malicious; vicious; malignant; shoddy; inferior; poor-quality
fan; enthusiast; lover (of); fan (e.g. electric)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
video camera; video camcorder
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
something; something or other; something something
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
perfect; complete; flawless
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
to be photographed; to be projected
faint; trance; swoon; stupefaction
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do