indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
cry (esp. animal); roar; chirp; tweet; bark; whine
knack; skill; bone; skeleton; cremated remains (esp. the bones); ashes
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to rise; to go up; to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; to get out (of water)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for the first time in one's life
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
closing; closure; shutdown; lockout
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
hospital; clinic; doctor's office; doctor's surgery; infirmary
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lock up; to shut up; to imprison
hidden room; secret chamber
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
news coverage; collecting data (e.g. for an article); covering (something for media); interview
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
in that way; thus; so; so?
testimony; (verbal) evidence
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all