indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
lesser cuckoo (Cuculus poliocephalus)
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hurt; to injure; to harm; to damage; to worry; to bother
one more; another; the other; not quite; not very good; lacking
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
phrase (verse, line); one haiku-poem
female private parts; female genitals
clearing one's throat; cough
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
section (i.e. of text); sentence; phrase; verse (of 5 or 7 mora in Japanese poetry; of 4, 5, or 7 characters in Chinese poetry); haiku; first 17 morae of a renga, etc.
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to compose (a Japanese poem); to write; to use as the theme of a poem; to recite (e.g. a poem); to chant; to intone
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
taste; elegance; appearance; air; the likes of ...; lowly people such as ...
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
all present; all concerned; all of us
honorific/polite/humble prefix
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook