indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
cry (e.g. of a baby); sob; whine; tearful voice; weepy voice
main clause; main part (of a piece of writing); text (of a judicial decision)
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
death penalty; capital punishment
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to manage; to deal with; to cope with; to sentence; to condemn; to punish
to be born; to come into the world
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
false charge; false accusation; misrepresentation
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
about; on; regarding; per; for every
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to get rid of; to erase; to dispel; to eradicate; to wipe away
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
to need; to call for; to require
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
retrial; reopening of a case; review; reexamination
refusal; rejection; denial; veto
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt; sentence-ending particle expressing a rhetorical question
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding