indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the text; the main clause; the main part of a document
accused; defendant; prisoner at the bar
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
death penalty; capital punishment
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to manage; to deal with; to cope with; to sentence; to condemn; to punish
to be born; to come into the world
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
false charge; false accusation; misrepresentation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to get rid of; to erase; to dispel; to eradicate; to wipe away
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to need; to call for; to require
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
retrial; reopening of a case; review; reexamination
refusal; rejection; denial; veto
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding