indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
rather; better; instead; if anything
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
lukewarm; tepid; lenient; (arch.) slow; (arch.) stupid
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
crowd of people; great number of people; in great numbers
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
adds force or indicates command
Ryukyu; chain of southwestern Japanese islands comprising Okinawa Prefecture
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
China under the Qing dynasty; Qing China; Qing dynasty
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
seat; place; position; status; gathering; party; stand
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to