indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
subject (of a medical experiment, etc.); test subject; trial subject; examinee (of a full-body scan, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
how; in what way; how about
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to calm down; to compose oneself; to calm down; to settle down; to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in; to be settled
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly