indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
appearing together; co-acting; co-starring
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
December; twelfth month of the lunar calendar
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
warm; mild; warm (of a colour); mellow; having enough money
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Okinawa (city, prefecture)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
open-air fire (e.g. for garden refuse); bonfire; open fire (e.g. in a kitchen)
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
(turning) round and round; in circles; wrapping around; winding around
to turn; to revolve; to visit several places; to function well; to pass a certain time
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
please (give me); please (do for me)
Thai; person from Thailand