indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
three; three years of age
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
strange; odd; peculiar; queer; curious
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
clever; smart; sharp (ear, etc.); sensitive; discerning
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
river; stream; River; the ... river
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
imperial mausoleum; Emperor's tomb; big hill
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
same period; corresponding period; same year (of graduation, entering a company, etc.); contemporary; synchronization; synchronism
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
fate; destiny; connection; tie; pretext; justification
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
one's student (esp. a former one); one's pupil; one's disciple
search (esp. for someone or something missing); manhunt; legally authorized search of a person, building, etc.
request; commission; entrusting (with a matter); dependence; reliance
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
six (long cylindrical things)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
high-rise (building); multistory; multistoried; high (altitude); upper (atmosphere, air current, etc.)