indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
family; members of a family
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
ringleader; mastermind; leader (of a plot)
interest; entertainment; pleasure; implicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing)
to start; to begin; to challenge; to pick (a fight); to set (traps); to plant (explosives)
repentance; confession; penitence
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to desire; to wish for; to expect; to see; to command (a view of)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fraud; swindle; graft; saying you're going to do something but in the end not doing it; making promises without keeping them
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
true character; true form; true colors (colours); consciousness; one's senses
to pass (the night); to spend; to reveal; to divulge; to prove; to verify
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
disclosure; exposure; revelation
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; (not) any
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back