indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
president (of a society); chairman
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
family; members of a family
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
all; entire; whole; altogether
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding