indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
contents; interior; substance; content; (sword) blade
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to change places; to relieve one another; to replace someone
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
benevolence (esp. as a virtue of Confucianism); consideration; human; kernel; nucleolus
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
memorial day; commemoration day; anniversary
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
next term; next period; next version; next release
(college) president; secretary-general
naming; nominating; designating; calling on; asking for; requesting
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to return to normal; to revert to the starting point; to go back to how it was
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
important task; important role; major part (in a film, play, etc.); leading role; high-scoring combination