indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
Financial Services Agency; FSA
secretary (government); director; chief
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
telephone call; telephone (device)
to connect; to link together; to tie; to fasten; to maintain; to preserve
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
not writing or contacting for a while; neglecting (failing) to write (call, visit, etc.); long silence
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; scan (e.g. MRI, PET, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
branch office; branch store
headquarters; head office; main office
centre; center; pivot; central nervous system
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to meet; to assemble; to congregate
elite; best; pick; cream of the crop
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
business; trade; operations; sales
second division; secondary division
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to pass (of time); to elapse
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
once; before; formerly; never yet; never before; first time
10^8; 100,000,000; hundred million
failure; mistake; blunder
stigma; dishonour; dishonor; infamy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put clothes on (someone); to dress; to cover; to coat; to pin (e.g. a crime on someone); to lay (blame)
bank employee; bank staff member; bank clerk