indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
provisional disposition; temporary injunction
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to separate; to part; to divide; to keep apart
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
mallow (any plant of family Malvaceae); Asarum caulescens (species of wild ginger); hollyhock
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
to be shut; to close; to be locked; to tighten; to be tightened; to become sober
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch