indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
small attached annex; lean-to
first floor; ground floor; one floor; one storey; one rank
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
as soon as possible; ASAP
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sorry; excuse me; thank you
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
please (give me); please (do for me)
staff member; employee; worker; personnel
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
(water-filled) paddy field
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
Japanese spindle tree (Euonymus sieboldianus)
considerably; fairly; quite
water breaking (during pregnancy)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
maternity room; delivery room
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
posture; pose; position; attitude; approach; stance
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
time; hour; period; class
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others