cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
program (e.g. TV); programme
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all present; all concerned; all of us
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
first of all; to begin with; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
videotape recorder; VTR; video recording; pre-recorded video shown during a television programme
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
what did you just say (to me)?; what's that?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as