highly virtuous monk; monk; Buddhist solitary; Buddhist missionary; saint (i.e. a virtuous person); (arch.) emperor; master
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
diligent study; devoting oneself to one's studies
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Tsugaru (Western region of Aomori Prefecture)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to grow; to spring up; to sprout; to cut (teeth)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to wake up; to sober up; to come to one's senses; to become enlightened
all present; all concerned; all of us
central figure; pillar (e.g. of the nation); chief; boss; master carpenter; beams and ridge supports of a roof
wisdom; enlightenment; prajñā (one of the three divisions of the noble eightfold path); wisdom
research division; research club (e.g. at school, university)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
together; at the same time; same; identical
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
particle used to indicate the speaker's hope, desire, wish, etc. (e.g. "it would be nice if ...", "I wish there were ...", etc.); emphatic particle; particle adding uncertainty
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(husked grains of) rice; staple (product, etc.); necessity
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
how; in what way; how about
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
company president; manager; director
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble