at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
truancy; school non-attendance
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
(not) even once; (not) ever
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to watch over; to watch attentively
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
looking on; remaining a spectator
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
great; excellent; very troublesome; awful; tiring; tough
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to spatter; to prate; to prattle; to babble
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
(apparently) that's what it's like, isn't it
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...